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create presentations for design. This is lucky since most projects produce orthographic views that are easily accessible for usage in design presentations. For this reason, presentations given throughout the design process usually feature rendered orthographic views. Drawing orthographic projections is faster and simpler than creating perspective drawings. Starting ashadows. terms of length for goals of graphic clarity. When a dramatic depiction is needed

rendered plan, section, or elevation is best done from a clean original drawing. Complex dimensions and confusing remarks should be left out of the final depiction if it is to have clarity. Original drawings or the rendering process may have items such ceramic tile and some basic textures drawn in or on top of Rendering requires consideration of light; this is most readily achieved with orthographic projections by adding shadows. Should time allow,

the rendering can incorporate extra value contrast, materials, and color rendition. Including shadows can help to expose height and offer the contrast required to improve the drawing. There are several ways to find shadow local length; most of these are overcomplicated. Shadows can be rather easily approximated and simplified with little negative consequences.

Simplified shadows in a plan drawing Two basic techniques exist

for approximating shadows in architectural designs. One system uses the same shadow orientation all through the design. Usually this simpler arrangement uses a 45-degree diagonal orientation for the light source. The identical 45-degree light source casts shadows on every feature and object in the whole design. Using a basic 45-degree triangle, shadows

are drawn next to every form in plan. The relative height of every form helps one to approximate the length of every shadow. This approach produces a clear, easily readable plan Another shadow estimate system generates shadows created by the several light sources present in the surroundings. Window, skylight, and electric light source locations

coincide in shadows. This method produces shadows depending on the natural and electric light sources, different from room to room. Based on the position of the light source, shadows cast at 45-degree angles using a 45-degree triangle. One estimates shadow length in relation to height. Dramatic effects produced by this changeable shadow technique serve to designate

Window positions Plans utilizing this approach however

take more effort and complicated plans may be aesthetically perplexing. Simplified shadows in elevation and section drawings Shadows improve sections' altitudes and quality. These drawings help one to show the relative depths and the forms of design elements. Following a 45-degree diagonal, shadows should be sketched in section and elevation as cast from top

right to bottom left, therefore enabling the usage of a typical 45-degree triangle. Shadows thrown in elevation at 45 degrees have lengths dictated by the relative height.Textured, patterned, and material qualities Rendering the material qualities of design elements in orthographic projection drawings is quite helpful. This is accomplished by specifying the properties. Figuresare orthographic projections produced with line work, stippling, and

placement and size, texture and finish of every building component including furniture. Rendering these aspects in plan and elevation drawings is simpler and less time-consuming than in views and paraline drawings. For this reason, it is not rare to find professional design presentations including non rendered perspective drawings and rendered plans and elevations. Many customers can clearly identify material characteristics rather well in

Produced orthographic projections when such aspects

are depicted successfully. Rendering materials and finishes can be done quite simply, for example, with minimum line work and stippling utilized to signify wood and ceramic tile. Great detail can be included to elevations and drawings when called for. Orthographic prr examples of typical finish materials follow certain somewhat basic rules for depicting them. Important

considerations in the choice of a color rendering style independent of the Levdesigneon audience are Every element has to be taken into account and the best suitable media selected. With this plan, elevation, and section drawings The fastest approach is to make a photocopy or print of an original line drawing and rendering on the copy with pencil, marker,

pastel, orashed with colored pencil, ink, or runs of markerndered item casting the shadow Although shadows painted in elevation improve a drawing, normally they should be kept low inscale and with some sense of surface smoothness. The most minimally depicted plan should, for instance, display properly scaled tile locations, wood floor in scale with a small

Conclution

graining pattern, and minimal stippling for carpet areas. Proper scale of surface finishes lets the layout show precisely the finish material sizes and positions. If one is unsure about the portrayal of a given substance, it is advisable to closely inspect the actual material and create an abstraction of what is seen. For a speckled rubber floor tile, for instance, no convention exists. One can only render this particular tile by looking at its aesthetic features. The size of

the speckles large or small Do the speckles contrast in color Are they in a certain pattern or random While some designers want a thorough, somewhat cluttered style of representation, others prefer sparse, barely drawn orthographic projections. This is most definitely a question of taste or personal style. Whatever personal style, though, renderings of orthographic projections must be created in scale and should fairly depict proportion and real material